Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1. Among the groups the Nazi regime and its Axis partners singled out for persecution on so- called racial grounds were the Roma (Gypsies). Drawing support from many non- Nazi Germans who harbored social prejudice towards Roma, the Nazis judged Roma to be . Try two trial issues of The Atlantic with our compliments. In the first several months of 1945.Under the Nazi regime, German authorities subjected Roma to arbitrary internment, forced labor, and mass murder. German authorities murdered tens of thousands of Roma in the German- occupied territories of the Soviet Union and Serbia and thousands more in the killing centers at Auschwitz- Birkenau, Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka. The SS and police incarcerated Roma in the Bergen- Belsen, Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald, Dachau, Mauthausen, and Ravensbr. Both in the so- called Greater German Reich and in the so- called Generalgouvernement, German civilian authorities managed several forced- labor camps in which they incarcerated Roma. On September 2. 1, 1. Reinhard Heydrich, head of the Reich Security Main Office, met with Security Police (Sipo) and Security Service (SD) officials in Berlin. With German victory in the invasion of Poland assured, he intended to deport 3. German and Austrian Roma from the Greater German Reich to the Generalgouvernement (that part of German- occupied Poland not annexed directly to Germany). Governor General Hans Frank, the top civilian occupation official in the Generalgouvernement, foiled this plan when he refused to accept large numbers of Roma and Jews into the Generalgouvernement in the spring of 1. German authorities did deport some Roma from the Greater German Reich to occupied Poland in 1. In May 1. 94. 0, the SS and police deported approximately 2,5. Roma and Sinti, primarily residents of Hamburg and Bremen, to Lublin District in the Generalgouvernement. SS and police authorities incarcerated them in forced labor camps. The conditions under which they had to live and work proved to be lethal to many of them. The fate of the survivors is unknown; it is likely that the SS murdered those who were still alive in the gas chamber of Belzec, Sobibor, or Treblinka. In the autumn of 1. German police authorities deported 5,0. Sinti and Lalleri Gypsies from Austria to the ghetto for Jews in Lodz, where they resided in a segregated section. Brain-washed and fighting a lost war. The sad fate of Hitler Youth in 1945. Sent by Arthur Axmann in late April 1945 to stop the massive Red army, they were easy. World War II (1939 - 1945) Devastation of Europe. Lo stesso Gardner raccont. Le Fate di Cottingley su Bryonia - Il Laboratorio delle fate. DESTRUCTION THE FATE OF AUSTRIAN JEWS 1938 1945 This is a kind of book that you require currently. Besides, it can be your preferred book to. The day that Deutschland died: Retracing the fate of captured Axis soldiers at the end of WW2. Nearly half of the Roma died within the first months of their arrival, due to lack of adequate food, fuel, shelter, and medicines. German SS and police officials deported those who survived these dreadful conditions to the killing center at Chelmno in the first months of 1. There, along with tens of thousands of Jewish residents of the Lodz ghetto, the Roma died in gas vans, poisoned by carbon monoxide gas. At the age of thirteen, Imre. The Yalta Conference, 1945. The Yalta Conference took place in a Russian resort town in the Crimea from February 4–11, 1945, during World War Two. By May 30, 1945, the 25,000 to 30,000 German women, children and elderly citizens unable to leave Br Intending to deport them from the so- called Greater German Reich in the near future, German authorities confined all Roma in so- called Gypsy camps (Zigeunerlager). With the suspension of deportations of Roma in 1. Marzahn in Berlin along with Lackenbach and Salzburg in Austria were among the worst of these camps. Hundreds of Roma died as a result of the horrendous conditions. Local Germans repeatedly complained about the camps, demanding the deportation of the Roma interned there in order to . Local police used these complaints to appeal officially to Reichsf. In December 1. 94. Himmler ordered the deportation of all Roma from the so- called Greater German Reich. There were exceptions for certain categories, including people of “pure Gypsy blood” dating from ancient times, persons of Gypsy descent who were considered integrated into German society and therefore did not “behave like Gypsies,” and persons (and their families) who had distinguished themselves in German military service. At least 5,0. 00 and perhaps as many as 1. Police authorities even seized and deported Roma soldiers serving in the German armed forces (Wehrmacht), while they were home on leave. In general, the German police deported Roma in the Greater German Reich to Auschwitz- Birkenau, where the camp authorities housed them in a special compound that was called the . In the so- called Gypsy compound, entire families lived together. SS medical researchers assigned to the Auschwitz complex, such as SS Captain Dr. Josef Mengele, received authorization to choose human subjects for pseudoscientific medical experiments from among the prisoners in the Auschwitz concentration camp complex. Mengele chose twins and dwarves, some of them from the Gypsy family camp, as subjects of his experiments. Approximately 3,5. Roma were prisoners in other German concentration camp; medical researchers selected subjects from among the Roma incarcerated in Ravensbr. Conditions in the Gypsy compound at Auschwitz- Birkenau contributed to the spread of infectious disease and epidemics—typhus, smallpox, and dysentery—which severely reduced the camp population. In late March, the SS murdered approximately 1,7. Roma from the Bialystok region in the gas chambers; they had arrived a few days earlier and many, though by no means all, were ill. In May 1. 94. 4, the camp leadership decided to murder the inhabitants of the Gypsy compound. The SS guards surrounded and sealed off the compound. When ordered to come out, the Roma refused, having been warned and having armed themselves with iron pipes, shovels, and other tools used for labor. The SS leaders chose not to confront the Roma directly and withdrew. After transferring as many as 3,0. Roma capable of work to Auschwitz I and other concentration camps in Germany in the late spring and early summer of 1. SS moved against the remaining 2,8. August 2. Most of the victims were ill, elderly men, women, and children. The camp staff killed virtually all in the gas chambers of Birkenau. A handful of children who had hidden during the operation were captured and killed in the following days. At least 1. 9,0. 00 of the 2. Roma sent to Auschwitz died there. In German- occupied of Europe, the fate of Roma varied from country to country, depending on local circumstances. The German authorities generally interned Roma and deployed them as forced laborers in Germany or transported to Poland to be deployed at forced labor or to be killed. In contrast to German policy towards German and Austrian Jews, in which people of so- called mixed blood were exempted from deportation measures (though not from forced labor), the SS and police, after much waffling and confusion, decided that “Gypsies” of “pure blood” were harmless and that the “half- breeds,” regardless of the percentage of “mixture” of blood, were dangerous and hence deportable. German military and SS- police units also shot possibly at least 3. Roma in the Baltic States and elsewhere in the occupied Soviet Union, where Einsatzgruppen and other mobile killing units killed Roma at the same time that they killed Jews and Communists. In occupied Serbia, the German authorities killed male Roma in shooting operations during 1. The total number of Roma killed in Serbia will never be known. Estimates range between 1,0. In France, Vichy French authorities intensified restrictive measures against and harassment of Roma after the establishment of the collaborationist regime in 1. In 1. 94. 1 and 1. French police interned at least 3,0. Roma, residents of both occupied France and unoccupied France. French authorities shipped relatively few of them to camps in Germany, such as Buchenwald, Dachau, and Ravensbr. While the authorities in Romania, one of Germany's Axis partners, did not systematically annihilate the Roma population living on Romanian territory, Romanian military and police officials deported around 2. Roma, primarily from Bukovina and Bessarabia, but also from Moldavia and Bucharest, the capital, to Transnistria, a section of south western Ukraine placed under Romanian administration, in 1. Thousands of those deported died from disease, starvation, and brutal treatment. The authorities of the so- called Independent State of Croatia, another Axis partner of Germany and run by the militant separatist and terrorist Ustasa organization, physically annihilated virtually the entire Roma population of the country, around 2. The concentration camp system of Jasenovac, run by the Ustasa militia and the Croat political police, claimed the lives of between 1. Roma. It is not known precisely how many Roma were killed in the Holocaust. While exact figures or percentages cannot be ascertained, historians estimate that the Germans and their allies killed around 2. European Roma. Of slightly less than one million Roma believed to have been living in Europe before the war, the Germans and their Axis partners killed up to 2. After the war, discrimination against Roma continued throughout Central and Eastern Europe. The Federal Republic of Germany determined that all measures taken against Roma before 1. This decision effectively closed the door to restitution for thousands of Roma victims, who had been incarcerated, forcibly sterilized, and deported out of Germany for no specific crime. The postwar Bavarian criminal police took over the research files of the Nazi regime, including the registry of Roma who had resided in the Greater German Reich. Only in late 1. 97. West German Federal Parliament identify the Nazi persecution of Roma as being racially motivated, creating eligibility for most Roma to apply for compensation for their suffering and loss under the Nazi regime. By this time, many of those who became eligible had already died. Fate di Cottingley - Wikipedia. Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera. L'episodio delle fate di Cottingley fu un caso mediatico scoppiato intorno alla presunta apparizione di misteriose creature fatate nelle campagne inglesi, che coinvolse sir Arthur Conan Doyle e altri eminenti studiosi nel 1. La storia riguarda cinque fotografie realizzate da Elsie Wright e da Frances Griffiths, due cugine di Cottingley, un villaggio presso Bradford, Inghilterra. Le fotografie riproducono le due ragazze mentre giocano con delle creature alate simili a fate. Nel 1. 91. 7, data di realizzazione degli scatti, Elsie era 1. Frances aveva solo 1. Quando il padre, sviluppando le lastre, vide le fate sull'immagine, le ritenne false. La lettera, del 9 novembre 1. Elsie in cui Frances era ritratta con alcune fate. Frances affermava inoltre che era in buoni rapporti con quelle fate, e che supponeva che le fate non esistessero in Africa poich. Le foto erano prese presso un torrente dove era visibile una torre dell'acqua e un acquedotto, con alcune piante nei dintorni: acqua e alberi sono parte dell'iconografia tipica delle fate. La questione emerse nell'estate del 1. Elsie, Polly Wright, and. La signora Wright era interessata al mondo dell'occulto, affermava di aver avuto esperienze di proiezione astrale e di avere memorie delle proprie vite precedenti. L'incontro era incentrato sul tema della . Cordiali saluti, vostro Me ne ha parlato Gardner. Per una coincidenza, Arthur Conan Doyle aveva ricevuto l'incarico da parte dello Strand Magazine di scrivere un articolo sulle fate per il numero di Natale. Ci stava lavorando nel mese di giugno, quando venne a conoscenza delle due foto. Anche presunti esperti di fate contattati da Lodge affermarono che le acconciature erano . Doyle e Gardner decisero di provare a scattare nuove fotografie, per fugare ogni dubbio. Il maggior contestatore fu di un certo Major Hall- Edwards, un esperto di radio e di elementi radioattivi. Il 2. 7 novembre 1. South Wales Argus invece support. L'inchiesta, tuttavia, non ebbe risultati di rilievo: il giornalista venne a sapere che le foto erano state fatte da Elsie con la macchina del padre, e che Frances invece aveva scattato una foto di Elsie con uno gnomo. Anche il giornalista consider. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle sostenne che si trattava della prova definitiva dell'esistenza degli spiriti, mentre gli oppositori definirono le foto come dei falsi ben realizzati. Durante le vacanze estive dell'agosto 1. Polly Wright aveva scritto a Frances Griffiths di venire a Cottingley. I Griffiths si erano trasferiti a Scarborough dopo la guerra. Le lastre erano state segretamente marcate. Lo stesso Gardner raccont. Lo stesso Gardner tuttavia non sperava molto nei risultati dell'impresa, nonostante le misure adottate per la verifica, e torn. Purtroppo, era delusa che erano riuscite a fotografare solo due fate. Due giorni dopo la signora scrisse di nuovo, affermando che di sabato pomeriggio le bambine avevano fatto diverse foto, di cui una sola visibile ma sfocata e incomprensibile. Le foto erano state sviluppate dal padre di Elsie, Arthur, il giorno successivo. Le lastre vennero mandate a Londra, impacchettate con molta cura dal padre, che era assai perplesso. Il signor Wright non capiva la faccenda, e perse la sua grande stima per Conan Doyle. In passato lo considerava un uomo molto intelligente, ma riteneva che fosse stato truffato dalla . Doyle rispose, affermando che le tre foto mandate da Gardner confermavano i risultati pubblicati e che la prova dell'esistenza delle fate avrebbe aperto la strada per accettare numerosi altri fenomeni occulti. Per Doyle la faccenda delle fate era . L'articolo fu la base per il suo libro The Coming of the Fairies del 1. Come per il passato, le reazioni alle foto furono varie. Venne criticato il fatto che le fate sembravano le tradizionali fatine delle fiabe, e di nuovo che avevano acconciature alla moda. Secondo Gardner e Doyle, se qualcuno poteva vedere le fate, quello era Hodson. Tuttavia, non vi furono avvistamenti. Verso la met. Elsie fu interrogata per 1. Gardner era morto l'anno precedente, per cui Elsie raccont. Quando l'intervistatore le chiese se Elsie avesse preso in giro il mondo per 5. Elsie scoppi. Tuttavia, alla domanda diretta sul fatto che si trattasse o meno di uno scherzo, entrambe risposero di no. Negarono di aver falsificato quelle fotografie. Durante il programma, Mitchell sostenne una teoria semplice per spiegare la faccenda. Le foto sarebbero state realizzate grazie a . I dettagli non sarebbero stati visibili in fotografie cos. Austin Mitchell stesso riprodusse il sistema grazie ad alcune sagome realizzate ad hoc. Nel 1. 98. 3 Frances Way (nata Griffiths) ammise che le foto erano un falso, e l'anno successivo il fatto fu confermato da Elsie Hill (nata Wright). Le due cugine furono intervistate dal giornalista Joe Cooper per la rivista The Unexplained, e rivelarono la verit. Frances affermava di poter veramente percepire delle forme di vita spirituali nei pressi del torrente sul fondo della tenuta dei Wright. Lei stessa era solita andare verso il torrente, finendo anche per caderci dentro e venendo aspramente sgridata. Elsie era commossa dalle lacrime della cugina, sostenendo di fronte ai genitori che Frances andava in fondo al giardino perch. Elsie, pur non credendo alle presunte percezioni di Frances, era entusiasmata dall'atmosfera misteriosa che circondava la faccenda ed amava il misticismo della natura. Sia per sollevare il morale di Frances, sia per giocare uno scherzo agli adulti che non credevano alle fate, ma sostenevano il mito di Babbo Natale, le due cugine si organizzarono per produrre alcune immagini di fate destinate a convincere i genitori della bont. Le ragazze usarono le immagini del libro, realizzate da Arthur Shepperson come ispirazione per realizzare alcune sagome di fate. Elsie aveva iniziato a studiare arte a Bradford, e realizz. Quest'ultima, fotografa meno esperta, mosse la macchina fotografica, facendo risultare un braccio dello gnomo distorto. La distorsione era stata portata come prova dai sostenitori dell'autenticit. Le ragazze non dissero mai la verit. Una seconda fatina, che offriva fiori ad Elsie, venne fissata allo stesso modo: . La foto sembra un errore di stampa, la sovrapposizione di due diverse fotografie, ma Frances ha sostenuto che quella sia l'unica vera fotografia di fate mai realizzata dalla coppia. La donna ha infatti affermato che si trattasse di un normale sabato pomeriggio in cui le ragazze stavano giocando con le macchine fotografiche, senza aver preparato sagome: Frances avrebbe percepito delle presenze, ed Elsie avrebbe scattato una foto alla ragazza ottenendo il risultato visibile nell'immagine. Questa tesi appare molto pi. Questo non fu subito evidente per via della qualit. Allora le immagini erano talmente convincenti da trarre in inganno anche Harold Snelling, uno dei pi. Shepperson. Nel 1. Fairy Tale: A True Story, con Peter O'Toole e Harvey Keitel, e Photographing Fairies con Ben Kingsley. I suoi volumi dal titolo Lady Cottington pressed fairy book non sono stati per ora tradotti in italiano.^ab. Magnusson, p. 9. 8- 9. EN) The Cottingley Fairies, Letters of Note.^Magnusson, p. EN) Russell Miller, Sherlock Holmes and the curious case of the garden fairies, Daily Mail. URL consultato l'8 febbraio 2. EN) Major John Hall- Edwards, Birmingham City Council. URL consultato l'8 febbraio 2. Joe Cooper, Cottingley: At Last the Truth, vol. EN) The case of the Cottingley fairies, lhup. URL consultato l'8 febbraio 2. EN) What Will The Public Say?, Cottingley. URL consultato l'8 febbraio 2. Narv. 3. 85.^ab(EN) Philip Coppens, Fairy dust: the Cottingley fairies, philipcoppens. URL consultato l'8 febbraio 2. Magnusson, p. 1. 04.^(EN) But The Story Never Dies, Cottingley. URL consultato l'8 febbraio 2. Magnusson, p. Presentatore: Arthur Clarke. Narratrice: Anna Ford. Clarke's World of Strange Powers. EN) Cottingley's famous fairies!, BBC News, 2. URL consultato l'8 febbraio 2. Magnusson, p. 9. 9.^(EN) Andy Klein, Fairy, Fairy, Quite Contrary, Phoenix New Times, 2. URL consultato il 2. EN) Sukhadev Prashad, World Famous Supernatural Mysteries, Pustak Mahal, 2. ISBN 9. 78- 8. 1- 2. EN) Magnus Magnusson, Fakers, Forgers & Phoneys, Mainstream Publishing, 2. ISBN 1- 8. 45. 96- 1.
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